PARS DEFENCE
A practical reference for buyers, operators and engineering teams. From platform types and components to batteries, regulations and terminology.
Each airframe trades endurance, payload and ease of operation differently. The right choice follows from the mission.
Four, six or eight rotors provide lift and control through differential speed. Multirotors take off vertically, hover precisely and are the simplest platform to operate, at the cost of endurance.
A wing generates lift, so the motor only overcomes drag. Fixed-wing aircraft cover large areas efficiently but need space or a launcher to take off and land, and cannot hover.
Combines lift rotors for vertical take-off with a wing and forward motor for cruise. It removes the runway requirement of fixed-wing aircraft while keeping most of their range.
One main rotor with a tail rotor or a coaxial layout. Larger rotor disc gives good efficiency and heavy payload capacity, with more mechanical complexity and maintenance.
Flown manually through live video goggles, usually in acro (rate) mode without self-levelling. FPV airframes are light, fast and agile, used for racing, cinematography and close-proximity inspection.
Select a component to see what it does and what to consider when choosing it.
Convert motor torque into thrust. Diameter and pitch set the thrust and efficiency; larger, slower propellers are more efficient, smaller ones respond faster.
Outrunner motors sized by stator dimensions (e.g. 2207 = 22 mm wide, 7 mm tall). KV defines RPM per volt and must match the propeller and battery voltage.
Carbon-fibre structure carrying all components. Arm stiffness affects vibration and flight controller tuning.
Electronic speed controllers drive each motor from flight controller commands. Rated by continuous current; protocols include DShot and PWM.
Processor with IMU sensors running firmware such as Betaflight, INAV, ArduPilot or PX4. Stabilises the aircraft and runs navigation.
Lithium polymer or lithium-ion pack. Voltage (cell count) sets power, capacity sets endurance, and discharge rating limits current.
FPV camera for piloting, or a stabilised gimbal camera, thermal sensor or LiDAR for the mission itself.
Receives control commands and, in most systems, returns telemetry. Antenna placement directly affects range and link reliability.
Satellite positioning (GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou) with compass, enabling position hold, return-to-home and autonomous missions.
A multirotor has no control surfaces. Every manoeuvre comes from changing the speed of individual motors.
All motors produce thrust upward. When total thrust equals weight, the aircraft hovers; more thrust climbs, less descends.
Speeding up the motors on one side and slowing the opposite side tilts the aircraft, directing part of the thrust horizontally.
Adjacent motors spin in opposite directions. Speeding up one rotation pair creates a net torque that turns the aircraft around its vertical axis.
The flight controller reads gyroscopes and accelerometers hundreds to thousands of times per second and corrects motor speeds through PID control loops.
Lithium packs store a large amount of energy in a small volume. Correct handling prevents most incidents.
Battery calculatorUnder SHGM's Unmanned Aircraft Systems Instruction (SHT-İHA), in force since 30 July 2026, flight privileges depend on the pilot licence (P0, P1, P2) and the operating area. Registration depends on the aircraft's weight and on-board sensors such as cameras or microphones.
| Licence | Scope | Minimum age |
|---|---|---|
| P0 | Recreational flights within visual line of sight | 10 |
| P1 | Commercial flights within visual line of sight | 18 |
| P2 | Beyond visual line of sight and high-risk operations (class 3 medical certificate required) | 18 |
This summary is for general information and is not legal advice. Last checked: 4 October 2026. Rules change; confirm current requirements with SHGM (web.shgm.gov.tr) before operating.
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